One thing I picked up during my education was that while obtaining an undergraduate degree, memorization was an important component to build the foundation upon, so one could get caught up with the generally accepted knowledge at the time. However, there were tidbits of information spread in there that helped a person see the limitations. As one progresses in graduate school, some of those foundational facts lose what was previously considered ironclad status and are replaced by "this is the best information we currently have" and this goes for a lot of things. For example, if you looked at a diamond under cathode ray lumination, you would see amorphous zones indicating this crystal developed in a plasma like environment and many of those zones were truncated picking up inclusions of other materials (e.g. garnet) before it solidified and was brought to the surface. Yet, if you read the literature, there are some who base the dating of rocks/diamonds on the radiometric decay of the garnet inclusions. When it is often observed that the dating of the inclusions will be wildly different amongst and individual diamond discovered (with multiple inclusions). But both are correct in their assessment. This is a weak form of evidence but sometimes is all that is available. Critics may argues, just shitcan it, because it is so wholly unreliable it shouldn't be included at all. Other's not aware of diamond dating issues, may defer to the data without fully appreciating the challenge and debate amongst the mineralogists, because their background expertise is in a different speciality (structural geology).
Outside of STEM, this stuff is present as well. When calculating the value of an organization, there is a formula for where the weighted average cost of capital (percentage) is then subtracted by the growth rate of the firm. The problem is that this is in the denominator. But this equation is not provided with a boundary condition beyond WACC cannot equal growth rate. However, if you play with the math a little it is easy to see how this become silly as it can exponentially increase the value of the firm as WACC approaches growth rate.