Sorta. The Senate needs unanimous consent to move the previous question. Without that, the majority leader must invoke cloture to end debate on the topic at hand. Failing that, they can table the question and move on to other business, and then bring it up later if they want, because technically the question remains unresolved. Without a cloture procedure, whatever the vote required, the Senate can not move on to the business at hand without unanimous consent. It’s Robert’s Rules on steroids.
For non major legislation, there is an honor based system that allows any senator to block anything.
If you reduced cloture to a majority from 3/5ths as it currently is, then 50 senators plus the VP can move the question and call a vote on the resolution/bill/whatever, which is also based on majority vote for passage.
This all is because Aaron Burr thought the emerging rules of debate were duplicative and had the senate change its rules to eliminate a vote to move the previous question (end debate). Two decades later John Calhoun realized that meant any senator could basically stop procedure. In the 1910s the created cloture of 2/3. In the 70s it was reduced to 3/5.